Exposure/Hypothermia Occurs when weather causes body heat loss faster than is produced. Greatest danger when exhaustion, wet clothing and lack of eating is combined. AVOID THESE CONDITIONS AT ALL COST! To Prevent: Carry waterproof outer garment. Stop before exhaustion occurs. Stay warm - huddle together.

Symptoms:
	Stage 1: Marked shivering, fast pulse, rapid perspiration, paleness
	Stage 2: Blood pressure drop, slow pulse, shivering decreases or disappears, body cold to touch.
	Stage 3: Confused or defective thinking, loss of consciousness and irregular heartbeat - DEATH @ 81 degrees F
Treatment:
	Supply heat rapidly till shivering stops
	Put victim in sleeping bag, JOIN him! Remove all unnecessary clothes; no time for modesty!
	Avoid alcohol drinks

Heat
Thirst, easy fatigue, sweating slow reactions, blurring eyes, headaches, slowing of pace, hallucinations

Cold
Shivering, numbness of skin, muscle inability, clumsy, white or bluish color on ears, hands, nose, feet. White spots indicate frostbite.

Dehydration
Excessive urination or diarrhea

Mountain Sickness/Oxygen Deficiency
Altitude changes cause less strength and shortness of breath for a few days. Strenuos muscle use causes headache, insomnia, irritability, vomiting, breath disturbances (depends on age and physical condition).

Hyperventilation
It is possible to get too much air causing dizziness, faintness, heart pounding and anxiety. Best antidote is controlled breathing. If not, then rebreathe exhaled air (CO2) from paper bag.

Distress Signals
Ground to air signals:

| Require a doctor || Require medical supplies F Require food and water Y Yes N No

All well Not understood Safe to land here Proceeding in this direction X Cannot proceed

Water
Your most important quest in survival is for water and maintaining body temperature! Carry a minimum of 1 pint (average needs: 2 qts. daily to maintain). Three days without water can cause death.

Questionable water is boiled (1 minute + 1 minute per 1000' elevation). Rain is generally safe; draw from flowing stream. Check standing water for impurities. (Glacial lake impurities are gray-green - let settle.) In lieu of boiling, use H2O purification tablets or 2 1/2% tincture of iodine (6 drops per quart). Let stand 10 minutes. It is better to drink dirty or unpurified water than to go without. Don't drink seawater or urine. Alcohol hastens dehydration. Dark yellow urine is a visible sign of lack of water.

Search for Water
Don't dig blindly. Wring from mosses. Follow birds and animals morning and evening. Use solar still. Surface clues: Seepage and springs in rocks, dark stains on rocks, lush vegetation, valley floors and sloping sides, canyon walls across sandstone, dry creek beds, caverns, limestone and lava-made springs, loose rock or sediment. Dig trench to catch seepage.

Rattlesnakes
Found in high altitudes - wear boots!

Treatment:
Follow instructions on snake bite kit or apply constriction band 2"-4" above bite (not too tight). Loosen 60-90 seconds each 10 minutes. Move band ahead of swelling; Don't use more than 2 hours. Make incisions 1/2"-1/4" through fang wounds. Apply suction first hour after bite. Use oral suction only if other is not available and not if you have mouth cut or inflammation. Place cold packs on wound, immobilize area, and evacuate by litter.

Heart has stopped!
You have 4-8 minutes to restore circulation! Lay patient on back and administer four quick breaths mouth to mouth while placing heel of hand on breast bone two fingers up from lowest point and other hand on top. Depress two inches straight down at rate of 60 per minute. Give mouth to mouth every five compressions if help is present or fifteen if alone. Don't stop until physician is present or an hour goes by without heart start. Check pulse every five minutes.

Bleeding
Use direct pressure- gauze or scarf applied directly on wound held by hand and elevate. If unsuccessful, use pressure points (see diagram at right) with your hand. AS A LAST RESORT (very dangerous) apply tourniquet between wound and heart (see chart). Note time applied, elevate and loosen every 20 minutes.